Chapter 4 New Book Study Questions

1. In the following structure, identify the valences of the 
carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. 


        H   H
        |   |
    H - C - C - O - H
        |   |
        H   H

2. Draw valence structures for CH4, CH4O, 
CH2O2, and CO2. 


3. A) Looking at the three fundamental particles found in atoms, which 
one has a mass much smaller than the other two? 

   B) Which two have very nearly the same mass?

   C) Which two are electrically charged?

   D) Which one carries a negative charge?

   E) Which one carries a positive charge?


4. How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in the most 
abundant isotope of each of the following elements? 

Element p+ e= n
C
O
H
Na
F
U
5. Identify three elements that have more than one abundant isotope. 6. Determine the number of electrons in each electron shell for the following elements. H C Ne Na Cl K Fe Zn Cr 7. Which one of th following elements should exhibit no valence? Mg F S Ar Cr 8. List the subshells of the first four electron shells in atoms. 9. List the number of orbitals in s, p, d, and f subshells, respectively. 10. Write the electron configuration for the ground states of the following atoms.
Element Configuration
H
Li
N
Na
Cl
Fe
11. Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing size. S Na Ar K Cl P Si 12. Which is lower in energy, the 2p subshell of a carbon atom of the 2p subshell of an oxygen atom? 13. On the axes below, draw a picture of the electron cloud corresponding to one 2p orbital. | | | | _____________|______________ | | | | | 14. Indicate the number of valence electrons (electrons in the valence shell) for the following atoms.
Element Valence Electrons
H
Na
F
C
O
N
15. The distance between adjacent crests of an electromagnetic wave is called the ______________________ of the radiation. 16. The number of crests of an electromagnetic wave that pass a fixed point per second is called the ______________________ of the radiation. 17. A beam of light is composed of a stream of particles known as ____________ that travel at a very fast speed, known as the speed of _____________. 18. Which one of the following two statements is true? A) The frequency of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the wavelength. B) The frequency of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to the wavelength. 19. List the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing frequency. UV X-rays microwaves red light gamma rays violet light green light IR Am radio waves TV waves 20. Which one of the following types of electromagnetic radiation consists of the most energetic photons? UV X-rays microwaves red light gamma rays violet light green light IR Am radio waves TV waves 21. When sodium atoms are introduced into the flame of a Bunsen burner, a yellow-orange light is emitted. The light results from excited electrons in the 3p subshell of sodium dropping back to the 3s subshell which is their normal state. If the energy separation between the 3p and 3s subshells of sodium atoms is 3.30 x 10-19 J, what is the energy of photons emitted by these excited atoms? What is the frequency of light composed of these photons? (h = 6.3 x 10-34) What is the wavelength of this light? (C=3 x 108 ms-1) 22. List the three types of radiation emitted from radioactive isotopes. 23. 226Radium is a radioactive element which emits alpha particles. Predict the products of this alpha decay. 24. 234Thorium is a radioactive element which emits beta particles. Predict the product of this beta decay. 25. What is the name used for the nuclear process in which an unstable nucleus splits apart into tw smaller nuclei? 26. What is the name used for the nuclear process in which two smaller nuclei unite to form a larger nucleus?